Set Up and Operation
Given the high side and low side switches of the inverter are connected in series
across the DC bus (see Figure 2.1), both switches should never be turned on at the
same time. Turning both switches on effectively places a short circuit across the DC
bus and is called “Shoot Through”. Shoot Through should be avoided at all costs. In
order to avoid Shoot Through, an appropriate time delay must be inserted between
the turn off command to one device and the turn on command to the other device of
the same inverter leg. This time is called the “Dead Time”. The required Dead Time
depends on the switching speeds of the power devices and the timing delays due to
the optocouplers and the gate drive circuits.
Note:
No hardware Dead Time is included in the design as it is included as a
feature of the Motor Control PWM Module of the dsPIC device. A minimum
Dead Time of 2 μ s should be used. This applies to both turn on and turn off
of both devices.
Writing to the appropriate registers in the dsPIC device (DTCON1 and DTCON2) sets
the dead time. Refer to the dsPIC30F Family Reference Manual (DS70046) for details.
Although not necessary for correct operation of the system, it is common practice to
eliminate very narrow firing commands. This is because they will have negligible effect
on the output waveform but incur additional switching loss. It is suggested that a duty
cycle that gives transistor on or off times of less than 100 ns be eliminated by rounding
the duty cycle up or down as appropriate. Note that pulses, which are narrower than
the dead time set in the Motor Control PWM Module, are automatically eliminated.
Note:
The user should verify that all PWM frequencies and dead time settings are
correct using an oscilloscope before connecting the control signals to the
power module.
In order to provide an economic design, so-called bootstrap power supplies are used
for the high side inverter switches (see Section 1.4.3.3 “Gate Drive” for details). As
the charging path for these is only made when the corresponding low side switch or
diode conducts, this places some minor restrictions on modulation. These are as
follows:
1. When the power module is first energized after a period of time where no
modulation has taken place, all low side switches should be turned on for 2-3 μ s.
This ensures the bootstrap supplies are “primed”. This can be simply done by
using the output override facility in the dsPIC Motor Control PWM module by
setting the correct bits in the OVDCON register. Care should be taken to ensure
a shoot through does not accidentally occur. The possibility of a shoot through
fault will be minimized if the dsPIC PWM module is operated in the
complementary Output mode (module default).
2. If the user is continuously modulating all the low side switches as part of their
PWM strategy, the “priming” step is not strictly necessary, as it will happen
automatically. There will however be a delay of variable duration before the high
side switches actually fire. The delay will depend on the particular operating
circumstances and whether it is acceptable or not will depend on the particular
application.
3. In extreme circumstances, it is possible that the high side bootstrap supply will
discharge while the system is running. This will not happen for typical sinusoidal
modulation schemes provided an inductive load (e.g., a motor) is connected. If a
bootstrap supply collapses, an under-voltage lockout will automatically occur to
protect the high side switch entering the linear region of operation. The high side
switch is turned off whatever the command. The lockout is automatically cleared
when the bootstrap supply is restored and the next turn-on edge occurs. If
necessary, the user should periodically apply a refresh pulse to the low side
switch in a similar manner to that described for priming above.
? 2003 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS70096A-page 11
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